Analysis of Halo CMEs with PUNCH Observations

Focusing on the November 9-12, 2025 series of three Earthward-directed halo CMEs, we study the structural and propagation characteristics of the events. The source region(s) for these events involved X flares near sun center. Using the PUNCH L3 data, we use various analysis techniques, such as difference imaging and elongation-time plotting, to understand the structure, velocities and direction of propagation of different parcels of the CMEs. We use the PUNCH results to track these CMEs to 1 AU and compare them to in-situ ICMEs, and two IP shocks and their subsequent Kp=7 and Kp=8 geostorms. We also study the characteristics of some other bright limb and halo CMEs observed since the start of the PUNCH science mission in June 2025.